时间：2020-05-27 点击：1254次
I Lobby（序厅）
Dear friends, welcome to Diqing（迪庆） Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Museum.
Firstly, let’s see the location of the prefecture. As is shown in the map, Diqing（迪庆） is in the northwest of Yunnan Province, actually, in the bordering area with Sichuan（四川） Province and Tibet Autonomous State. Geographically, it is in the middle section of Hengduan（横断） Mountain Ranges, and is a part of the famous “Three Parallel Rivers” area of Jinsha（金沙） River, Lancang （澜沧）River and Nujiang（怒江） River. With a population of 400,000, it covers an area of 23,870 square kilometers, including its capital, Shangri-la City, Deqin（德钦） County and Weixi（维西） Autonomous County of Lisu Minority Group. The northern part of the prefecture is higher than the south. There are many gorgeous snow-capped mountains in it, thirteen of which are above 6,000 meters. Kawagebo（卡瓦格博） Mountain, which is 6,740 meters high, is the main mountain of the famous Meili（梅里） Snow Mountain Ranges, and is also the highest of Yunnan Province. Its special geographic and geological conditions have nourished rich resources of water, bio-energy, forest and tourism, which ,in all, have promised a successful development.
■Diqing is blessed with a long history and rich culture. There are five heritage sites under central government’s protection and the other fourteen under provincial government’s protection.
■In 1958, archaeologists had discovered Geden（戈登） Neolithic Site along Lapu（腊普） River in Weixi County, which has proven the existence of local ancestors and their early civilization more than 4,000 years ago.
■Today, there are 25 minority groups in Diqing, nine of which have a population of more than 1,000. In unity and harmony, all the minority groups have created rich ethnic cultures, and have enchanted this land of plateau with individual colors.
■Now, please follow me to the history and culture of Diqing.（迪庆）
II Exhibition on the history and culture of Diqing（历史文化展厅）
■About two million years ago, Diqing had witnessed the long evolution of ancient creatures, and it had left with us a large number of fossils. Among these fossils, the most representative are the early mammals dating back to Pleistocene, Yunnan Horse, for example, which has been discovered in Yeka（页卡） Village, Nixi（尼西）, and Wuzhuang（吾庄） Prairie, Jiantang（建塘） Town. What we see, through the fossils, was a Diqing of warm and humid climate covered with forests and prairies.
■In 1964, the discovery of the skull of Lijiang（丽江） People had proven the existence of humans and their activities in Paleolithic Times in northwestern plateau of Yunnan Province.
■Rock paintings along Jinsha（金沙） River is the most representative of Paleolithic Culture in Diqing.（迪庆）
■This is the restoration of the rock paintings along Jinsha（金沙） River.
■Ancient people painted on cliffs in various means to represent activities of humans and animals, as well as some realistic and abstract symbols. They are also the painted records on people’s life, natural environment and experiences. Rock paintings along Jinsha（金沙） River were discovered at the end of the 1980s, and were mainly distributed along the river flowing through Shangri-la City and LIjiang（丽江） City. This 40-kilometer-long water strip has been an important passageway of communication for ethnic groups from Yunnan , Sichuan（四川） and Tibet, and has witnessed frequent interactions between those groups. So far, there are 26 sites of rock paintings in Diqing（迪庆） that have been verified and registered, covering an area of 1,500 square meters.
■Ninety percent of the colors in the rock paintings are red, and pigments used should be the mix of animal blood and minerals, maybe hematite.
■The rock paintings were created from late Paleolithic Period to Neolithic Period, and they were mainly about wildlife, such as buffalos, wild goats, deer and monkeys, together with abstract graphics and symbols. The major part of it had been painted in colors, with a few being chiseled. They had adopted a simple while unique way of expression and had captured the basic form of animals with a few strokes until it could no longer be simplified. Nevertheless, they had successfully captured the reality and vitality.
■Rock paintings along Jinsha River are of great value for the study of the production and life of ancestors living in northwestern Yunnan and their relationship with the environment.
■This is about the Neolithic Culture of Diqing.
■So far, many Neolithic sites have been excavated along Jinsha（金沙） River and Lancang（澜沧） River, such as Gedeng（戈登）, Shida（士达）, Jicha（吉岔） and Padega（帕得嘎）, among which, Gedeng（戈登） is the most representative of its time and has been listed as one of the eight Neolithic culture types in Yunnan.
■Neolithic culture began to show diversity and characteristics of its own. Gedeng（戈登） Neolithic Site was discovered in 1958 in Gedeng（戈登） Village, Tacheng（塔城）, Weixi County（维西）, and has a history as long as 4,000 years. It is among the most representative of Neolithic sites in northwestern Yunnan. It turns out that Gedeng（戈登） Site almost follows Karuo（卡若） Site in Changdu（昌都） in time. According to the information on the latter, there had existed humans on Tibet Plateau who were born there, lived there and had developed the land. The discovery of the former had not only put forward human’s history in Diqing（迪庆） by thousands of years, but also had played an important role in the further study on the Neolithic culture along Jinsha River, Lancang（澜沧） River and Nujiang（怒江） River, as well as its relationship with that of some northern provinces. Moreover, they can also act as important and concrete evidences for the study of the ethnic migration and primitive social conditions in the above areas.
■ This is a set of stonewares from Gedeng（戈登） Site.
■These are also from Gedeng（戈登） Site.
■Before us is the restoration of Gedeng（戈登） Site. As you can see, people then lived by hunting, started to make some easy potteries and were able to keep fire.
■With the development and alteration of human civilization, Diqing（迪庆） had entered a transitional period with both stone wares and bronze wares, and it started to have farming for the first time. The most representative of this time is Zongza（宗咱） Site.
■Zongza（宗咱） Site is in the east of Zhejie（者阶） Village of Weixi （维西）County on the west side of Lancang（澜沧） River. From September to December, 2013, Archaeological Research Institute of Yunnan Province had organized and finished the excavation of this site. Thereafter, an area of 1,600 square meters had been cleared out, including 16 foundations of buildings, 45 stone walls of different sizes, one stone ditch and one ash-pit. From there, over 560 pieces of cultural relics had been found, including potteries, stone wares and horn wares. Some significant discoveries include a few finger sickles of iron and some carbonized seeds of various grains. It is worth noting that a “Wuzhu” （五铢）Coin of West Han Dynasty had been discovered for the first time in northwest of Yunnan, which had provided significant evidence for the decision of its time and its close relationship with Central China. Based on the relics excavated, it has been roughly estimated that it should be from West Zhou Dynasty to Han Dynasty.
■In this picture is Zongza（宗咱） Site under excavation.
■These are stone axes, stone knives with wholes, sickle of iron and carbonized grains from Zongza（宗咱） Site.
■These are stone needles, arrowheads and spinning wheels.
■This is the “Wuzhu” （五铢）Coin of Han Dynasty.
■This is a comb of horn.
■Now, please follow me to the bronze wares culture in Diqing（迪庆）, which has been best manifested in the burial tradition of stone coffins along Jinsha（金沙） River and Lancang（澜沧） River.
■From the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, all the way to East Han Dynasty, Diqing had walked from Neolithic Age into the age of bronze wares, the most typical of which were from the stone coffins along Jinsha（金沙） River and Lancang（澜沧） River.
Stone coffins were the most representative culture type in archaeology in Bronzeware Age of Diqing（迪庆）, and they have been the culture relics largest in number and widest in distribution so far. Since 1974, a large number of tombs with stone coffins have been found in Deqin（德钦） County and some sites of Shangri-la City, such as Yongzhi（永芝）, Nagu（纳古）, Kexiang（克乡）, Bixia（比吓） and Chezhou（车轴）. Their time could last from Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, all the way to West and East Han dynasties, with some even going into Tibetan Time. Relics from those tombs had told us that as early as 3,000 years ago, Diqing（迪庆） had walked into Bronzeware Age and clan society. Actually, ancestors in Diqing（迪庆） were among the first creators of bronzeware culture of Yunnan then, and they had maintained frequent communication with Central China and coastal areas to the southeast.
■This is restoration of a stone coffin tomb. Usually, bodies in it would adopt a curled- up or lying position, with burial objects around it.
■This is a set of gallipots from a stone coffin tomb. As you can see, they are characterized by big ears, swelling belly and flat bottom, which are like those of Anfra style in northwestern prairies, from which we can tell its relationship with the culture of the northwestern areas.
■This is a set of bronze wares from stone coffin tombs, most of which are “山-shaped” weapons. They have also included many foreign elements. For example, the curved-handled sword, double-circular-headed sword and the curved knife have revealed characteristics of northern prairie culture.
■The southward push of Tibetan Regime in Tang Dynasty had turned out to be the most influential event in the history of Diqing（迪庆） . In the seventh century, Tibetan Regime rose in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and insisted on its expansion. In its heyday, its army had reached Erhai（洱海） area by moving along the valley areas of Jinsha（金沙） River and Lancang（澜沧） River, which means, it had included all of Diqing（迪庆） under its ruling. Afterwards, it had built an iron bridge over Jinsha （金沙）River and organized a government office to rule the sixteen cities in the area. During the 100 years of its ruling, they had left many heritages and cultural sites. And it is also during this period of time that its influences forced into Diqing（迪庆） in politics, economics, society and culture, together with military expansion, which had realized the integration of the local civilization and that of Tibetan Regime and had settled the direction of historical and cultural development of Diqing（迪庆） since then.
■In Tang Dynasty, Tibetan Regime had maintained frequent communication with Nanzhao（南诏） from its northwestern bordering areas, namely, Diqing （迪庆）and Lijiang（丽江） today, all the way to Dali（大理）. The king of Tibet once called its counterpart of Nanzhao（南诏） brother and had given the latter precious gifts. We can see, from the carvings in Shibao（石宝） Mountain, Jianchuan（剑川）, an umbrella over the head of Gepo（阁陂）, who was a monk. This umbrella, according to the written records, was a gift from Tibet. Besides, it is easy to recognize tiger skins on soldiers in the carvings, which, in fact, was a tradition from Tibet to award the men of merit with tiger skins. In spite of the fact that the two parties broke into war for complicated causes, friendship and communication had always been the mainstream in both official and public relationship.
■With the rising of “Tea Horse Road” , Diqing（迪庆） had become an important city for trade during Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
“Tea Horse Road ” was an unofficial passageway for trade and commerce in the southwest. It appeared in Tang Dynasty, and developed to its zenith in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Since Princess Wencheng brought tea into Tibet, it had become popular and became a part of life of Tibetan people, which had explained the increasing need for tea there. Then it came to Song Dynasty, when constant wars had called for a large number of horses, and Song had, therefore, established many horse markets in southwestern areas to exchange horses with tea. In 1688, the government of Central China had permitted the establishment of markets in Zhongdian（中甸）(Shangri-la City today). With government’s permission and policy support, Yunnan-Tibet section of “Tea-Horse Road” had experienced rapid development.
Diqing was the last station along the route from Yunnan to Tibet by “Tea Horse Road”. Actually, its main road in Diqing was over 800 kilometers long, and the number could be nearly 3,000 plus side roads and branches. Diqing has been the hub of business and culture for people from Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, and it has also been the core area of “Corridor of Tibet, Yi（彝） and Qiang（羌） Ethnic Groups”, as well as the “Tea Horse Road”.
“Tea Horse Road” is not only for business, but also has promoted communication and integration among the ethnic groups, and therefore has strengthened the unity between them. Besides, during the Second World War, a large number of military supplies had been transported to the back by the Tea Horse Road, thus making its contribution to the country’s emancipation .
■These are articles for daily use of caravan leaders when marching along Tea Horse Road.
■These articles belong to a caravan and they include carrying tools, leather bags and headdresses for leading mules.
■From its long history and brilliant culture, rich heritages have been left. There remains ancient sites, tombs, architectures and rock paintings all over the prefecture, the most special of which include stone coffin tombs, rock paintings along Jinsha River, carvings in Tibetan language and Tibetan Buddhism temples. Up to 2019, there are five key heritage sites under the protection of central government, another 14 under the protection of provincial government, 19 under that of the prefecture, and 53 of the county.
Now please follow me to the exhibitions on the second floor on ethnic dresses.
III Exhibition on ethnic dresses in Diqing（迪庆民族服饰展厅）
■The name of Diqing may remind you of ever changing colors. And you may meet these colors in mountains, rivers, gardens, or in temples and scriptural banners, while the more impressing ones are from the dresses and ornaments on local people. They were dyed or sewed with local cloth, portraying their nature, wisdom, history, life-style, tastes and traditions with embroidery or felt-making skills.
■The first part is about Tibetan dresses and ornaments.
Tibetan people take their dresses seriously, and it is said the they would “wear all his fortune on him”. Their ornaments are mainly made of gold, silver, bronze or jade in a dignified manner, while the hollowed patterns are delicate and exquisite.
■This is a leather shawl with corals .
■This brocade is made of peacock feathers by Tibetan women in Benzilan（奔子栏） Town.
■Chuba（楚巴） is the Chinese name for Tibetan dresses of men. This piece is made of tiger skin with embellished edges.
■Most of the Tibetans in Diqing live in Deqin（德钦） County, towns and villiages of Shangri-la City and Weixi（维西） County.
■Men’s dresses are almost the same, while women’s could be different and be classified into three types according to their living environments, which are dresses in plateau pastoral areas, in plateau basins and in river valleys.
■Here are Tibetan dresses in plateau pastoral areas.
■Dresses are almost the same for Tibetans living in plateau pastoral areas of Dongwang（东旺）, Geza（格咱） and Luoji（洛吉） counties of Shangri-la City. Due to the frigid weather, they would choose local wool to weave into dresses. Generally speaking, their dresses are bright in colors and show contrast between tops and downs.
■This is a leather waistcoat for laboring.
■Here are dresses in plateau basins.
■The typical of this type of dresses can be found in Jiantang（建塘） Town and Xiaozhongdian（小中甸） Town. They are mainly made of cotton and wool. Because of its closeness to Naxi（纳西） and Bai （白）minority groups, their dresses have therefore been largely influenced by them. Besides, they still keep the tradition of Han people to twine the head with red threads until it looks like a piece of red cloud when many people doing it together.
■In this picture is the tradition we are talking about.
■Here are Tibetan dresses in river valleys.
■This type of dresses can be subdivided into those along Lancang River and those along Jinsha River. The former can be found in Shengping （升平）Town, Yunling（云岭） Village, Yanmen（燕门） Village, Foshan（佛山） Village of Deqin（德钦） County and Badi（巴迪） Village of Weixi（维西） County, while the latter are mainly in Benzilan（奔子栏） Town, Tuoding（拖顶） Village Deqin（德钦） County ,Tacheng（塔城） Town of Weixi County, and Nixi（尼西） Village of Shangri-la City. As they live in areas of low altitude and warm weather, their dresses are mainly made of silk, satin and cotton, so they are light and bright.
■Pulu（氆氇） is local fabric made of wool, which can be made into clothes or carpets. Here we see a men’s dress, Chuba（楚巴）, made of Pulu（氆氇） , decorated with leopard skin.
■These are all Tibetan dresses of different types.
■Here is Chuba（楚巴） made of fox skin.
■This men’s dress is from Bazhu（巴珠） Village and is made of nettle fiber .
